This dataset contains data files of modeled top cover estimates by plant functional type (PFT) for the Arctic and Boreal Alaska and Yukon regions. Estimates are presented for single years at 5-year intervals from 1985 to 2020. Also included are root mean square error (RMSE) and source year, which indicate the specific year from which pixels in the top cover maps were derived. Plant functional types include conifer trees, broadleaf trees, deciduous shrubs, evergreen shrubs, graminoids, forbs, and light macrolichens. Estimates were derived through the combination of two stochastic gradient-boosting models that used environmental and spectral covariates. Environmental covariates represented topographic, climatic, permafrost, hydrographic, and phenological gradients, and spectral covariates were based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) data collected between 1984-2020. These maps catalog widespread changes in the distribution of PFTs occurring in the Arctic and boreal forest ecosystems, such as tundra shrub expansion, due to the intensification of disturbances such as fire and climate-driven vegetation dynamics.