Introduction

Data products distributed by the Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) are used in many different Earth Science applications. LP DAAC data products play an important role in modeling, detecting changes to the landscape, and assessing ecosystem variables, to name a few. Three of those applications, published between October and December 2019, are highlighted below.

Assessing Wildfire Patterns in Tanzanian and Kenyan National Parks and Reserves

In the study "Anthropogenic Modifications to Fire Regimes in the Wider Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem" published in the journal Global Change Biology, Probert and others (2019) rely on a series of data to assess spatial and temporal characteristics of fire regimes over a consortium of National Parks and Reserves that transects between Tanzania and Kenya, Africa from 2001-2014. 

Instruments and Techniques Used

he authors use remote sensing data distributed by the LP DAAC, including Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) (ASTGTM) and the Combined Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Burned Area (MCD45A1) products. In addition, the authors use the Combined MODIS Active Fire (MCD14ML) product, which is distributed by the University of Maryland. Ancillary data, including rainfall data, soil data, in-situ grass height data, and migratory patterns of wildebeest are also used. The ASTER data are used to extract the elevation and slope of each fire in the study area. The authors combine the MODIS active fire and burned area data to observe individual fires, their locations, and associated fire characteristics. A comprehensive pattern of fire regimes across the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem was generated based on MODIS data products over the span of the study period and overlaid with the area’s statistical environmental data. 

Major Findings

The study revealed a decline in the total burned area and number of fires. The authors attribute this decline in fire to human activities, such as increase in livestock populations, including an increase in grazing activities by the wildebeest, and land management approaches.

Author’s Note: The MCD45A1 Burned Area product used in this paper was decommissioned. Users are encouraged to use the MODIS Version 6 replacement Burned Area product (MCD64A1) as an alternative.

References

Publication Reference

Probert, J.M., Parr, C.L., Holdo, R.M., Anderson, M.T., Archilbald, S., Mustaphi, C.C., Dobson, A.P., Donaldson, J.E., Hopcraft, G.C., Hempson, G.P., Morrison, T.A., and Beale, C.M., 2019, Anthropogenic modifications to fire regimes in the wider Serengeti-Mara ecosystem: Global Change Biology, v. 25, p. 3406–423. DOI: /doi/full/10.1111/gcb.1471

Data Granule ID

• MCD64A1.A2002152.h21v09.006.2017013012506

Data Citation

Giglio, L., C. Justice, L. Boschetti, D. Roy. MCD64A1 MODIS/Terra+Aqua Burned Area Monthly L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V006. 2015, distributed by NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD64A1.006. Accessed 2020-01-09

Measuring Salinity in India's Rice Crops

India is one of the leading rice producers and consumers in the world. However, one coastal region, Odisha, India, produces rice at a comparatively lower rate than other regions due to soil salinity issues. Salinity is a natural occurring phenomenon near Odisha due to its proximity to the shoreline, where flooding is a common occurrence. Depending on the concentration level, soil salinity can either benefit or harm rice production. The window frame for rice production is limited from June to October, since rain lowers the level of salt concentration in the soil. From November to February, known as the dry season, rice production is severely hindered due to the high level of salt concentration. Remediations can be expensive for local municipalities. To better understanding of the spatial and temporal relationship of soil salinity, Paliwal and others (2019) conducted the study "Salinity Stress Detection in Rice Crops Using Time Series MODIS VI Data" published in the International Journal of Remote Sensing.

Instruments and Techniques Used

In this study, Paliwal and others (2019) rely on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data from Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS (MOD13Q1 and MYD13Q1) to detect soil salinity in rice crops. The Savitzky-Golay filter, which minimizes noise and outliers, was applied to the MODIS EVI time series data from 2011–2015. Additionally, TIMESAT software was used to extract phenological parameters. Field measurements of soils and salinity were collocated with EVI values for different seasons. 

Major Finding

The study found a strong negative correlation between EVI and soil salinity. This is significant since it highlights a promising indicator of soil salinity and intensity in regions where soil salinity is a concern to rice production. According to the authors, the approach followed in the study is potentially useful for regional scale salinity mapping studies.

References

Publication Reference

Paliwal, A., Laborte, A., Nelson, A., and Singh, R.K., 2019, Salinity stress detection in rice crops using time series MODIS VI data: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 20, p. 8186–8202. DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2018.1513667

Data Granule ID

• MOD13Q1.A2011161.h26v06.006.2015219192207

Data Citation

Didan, K.. MOD13Q1 MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V006. 2015, distributed by NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD13Q1.006. Accessed 2020-01-13.

Using ASTER to Map Minerals

In the study "Mapping Hydrothermally Altered Minerals With AST_07XT, AST_05 and Hyperion Datasets Using a Voting-Based Extreme Learning Machine Algorithm" publish in the journal Ore Geology Review, Hu and others (2019) use ASTER Surface Reflectance Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) and Crosstalk Corrected Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) and Surface Emissivity (AST_07XT and AST_05) data from November 15, 2007, and EO-1 Hyperion L1T, terrain corrected and orthorectified data, dated October 30, 2004, to examine three machine learning algorithms for hydrothermally altered mineral mapping.

Techniques Used

The three machine learning algorithms include a well-known random forest (RF) classifier, kernel-based extreme learning machine (KELM), and voting-based extreme learning machine (VELM). RF and KELM are well-established machine learning algorithms, while VELM is a relatively new approach in the field of mineral mapping. The authors chose to apply all three machine learning algorithms to ASTER data to assess overall classification accuracy. The authors chose the Duolong area, in the southwest region of the Tibetan Plateau, China, as their study area because it is rich with exposed minerals and is ideal for mapping and validation.

Major Findings

The results from this study found VELM, a relatively novel machine learning algorithm approach for mineral mapping, showed greater overall accuracy classification in the Duolong area compared to the two other well-known machine learning algorithms. Additionally, the authors found greater overall accuracy could be achieved by combining the AST_07XT SWIR and the AST_05 TIR bands.

References

Publication Reference

Hu, B., Wan, B., Xu, Y., Tao, L., Wu, X., Qiu, Q., Wu, Y., and Deng, H., 2019, Mapping hydrothermally altered minerals with AST_07XT, AST_05 and Hyperion datasets using a voting-based extreme learning machine algorithm : Ore Geology Review, v. 114, art. no. 103116. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103116

Data Granule ID

• AST_07XT_ 11152007052317_06092008104755

Data Citation

NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team. ASTER On-Demand L2 Surface Reflectance NIR and SWIR Crosstalk-Corrected. 2006, distributed by NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, https://doi.org/10.5067/ASTER/AST_07XT.003. Accessed 2020-01-09.